Tsai,+et+al.+(WK8)

Here's your page for Tsai, et al. Have fun!

Background Research: //Across these studies, two main patterns have emerged. First, cultural differences in emotional responding tend to occur more in social than nonsocial contexts.// //A second pattern concerns the component of emotional responding for which cultural differences are found. Among the studies described above, cultural differences emerged more strongly in reports of subjective emotional experience and measures of expressive behavior than in measures of physiological responding.//

and there's statistics and research basically, EA and HA reacted mostly the same save for non-Duchenne smiles during happiness, where EA were more likely to non-Duchenne-smile. //In the literature, non-Duchenne smiles have been described as “false” or social smiles, indicating that they are voluntarily produced// the study showed consistency with hyp

results of the experiment: //We predicted that HAs would demonstrate less facial expressive behavior than EAs. Our hypothesis was supported for non-Duchenne smiling behavior during happiness// //no group differences emerged in facial behavior during negative emotions//

//We tested two main hypotheses. First, based on descriptions of Asians being less expressive than Westerners (specifically, EAs), we predicted that HAs would demonstrate less facial expressive behavior than would EAs.// they //did not make a specific prediction about physiological responding.//

//Second, we hypothesized that within each cultural group, cultural orientation would be associated with emotional responding. Specifically, we predicted that among HAs, those who were more oriented to Hmong culture would demonstrate less expressive behavior than those who were less oriented to Hmong culture. Similarly, we predicted that among EAs, those who were more oriented to American culture would dem- onstrate more expressive behavior than those who were less oriented to American culture.//

EA are more likely to show happiness with a non-Duchenne smile, rather than a Duchenne smile. Duchenne smiles are seen as more genuine [|as wiki reports here.] Other than that, there seems to be little difference between the two cultural groups. In addition, those in each group who were "more" of the particular variety of humanity applicable, ("more Hmong," “more American”) showed more extreme versions of this-- ie, that the 'more hmong' exhibited fewer/less (terminology?) non-Duchenne smiles in reaction to happiness than did the "less Hmong;" the reverse is also true, that the "more Americans" had greater/more non-Duchenne smiles.

Conclusion: Americans are fake and superficial? discuss.

Awesome!

Here is what I have: __Hypothesis 1:__ Hmong Americans will demonstrate less facial expressive behavior than European Americans. __ Hypothesis 2: __ Within cultural orientation (Hmong American or European American), cultural orientation would be associated with emotional responding - i.e. Hmong Americans more closely oriented to Hmong culture would demonstrate less expressive behavior than Hmong Americans more closely oriented to American culture.

**Independent Variable (The Thing which is Hypothesized to Influence the "Dependent Variable"):** Cultural orientation.

**Dependent Variable (The Thing Being Measured):** Emotional responding/facial expressive behavior.

__Method:__ **Participants:** 50 Hmong American and 48 European American undergraduates from Minnesota.

**Relived Emotion Task** Interviewers described a "target emotion" (Happiness, Pride, Love, Anger, Disgust, Sadness). Participants were asked to (a) recall and describe a time in their lives when they felt the "target emotion" very strongly, (b) focus on the moment at which they felt the target emotion, and (c) relive the target emotion.

**Cultural Orientation Questionaire** A questionaire designed to measure participants' level of cultural orientation (described in Hypothesis 2).

__Results:__ **Hypothesis 1:** No significant differences were found between European Americans and Hmong Americans in the occurrence of facial expressions displayed during pride, love, disgust, or sadness. Significant difference in the occurrence of non-Duchenne smiles during happiness emerged: more European Americans showed non-Duchenne smiles.

**Hypothesis 2:** "More Hmong" Americans showed significantly more non-Duchenne smiles than Hmong Americans who were more culturally oriented with Hmong culture.